Whoosh~ It’s full in no time
Author｜Wang Lei Liu Yajie
Advertisement
Editor｜Qin Zhangyong
Not half an hour, not ten minutes, not even one minute.
Recently, scientists have developed a new battery,Can be fully charged in secondsfaster than refueling, whoosh~, it’s full.
Once the new battery is mass-produced, it means that the era of charging anxiety is completely a thing of the past.
Advertisement
This latest research and development result was published in the top academic journal “Energy Storage Materials”.Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)The research was led by Professor Jeung Ku Kang of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering.
Moreover, the new battery is not a ternary polymer lithium battery, but a sodium-ion battery that is not optimistic about high-performance electric vehicles.
01 is expected to replace lithium-ion batteries
Nowadays, newly developed batteries are emerging one after another, but they are basicallyThe material of the positive and negative electrodes of the pool“Work hard”.
This time the R&D team of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) is no exception. This sodium-ion battery integrates common battery anode materials and a new cathode suitable for supercapacitors.
However, sodium-ion batteries basically have flaws, such as low power output,Short cycle lifestorage performance is limited andLonger charging timeWait for a series of questions.
This sodium-ion battery jointly developed by the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) has solved many of the shortcomings of the past. It can not only achieve large-capacity storage, but also charge and discharge quickly, taking only a few seconds. full charge.
According to Jeung Ku Kang, this sodium-ion battery has the highest energy density so far. 247WH/kgcompared with the mass-produced lithium batteries currently on the market, such density data is already quite excellent.
Its fast charging power density is as high as 34,748 W/kg, which has reached 100 times or moreand has cycle stability of 100% Coulomb efficiency after 5000 charge-discharge cycles.
It is not difficult to find that this sodium-ion battery simultaneously achievesHigh energy density and high power density.
The reason why such an effect can occur means that the problem of slow charging of battery negative electrode materials and the relatively low capacity of supercapacitor positive electrode materials has been solved.
Jeung Ku Kang's team usedTwo different metal-organic frameworksand synthesized a hybrid battery through optimization.
Its negative electrode material is made ofIron-based metal-organic framework(MOF)/graphene oxide heterostructure is synthesized through graphitic carbon formation and sulfidation. It uses iron-based metal organic framework/graphene oxide heterojunction as raw material and is synthesized through graphitic carbon formation and sulfidation reaction.Ultrafine iron sulfideAnode material doped with carbon/graphene (FS/C/G). This anode material is then embedded into porous carbon derived from metal-organic frameworks.
Through experiments, they found that circulating ultrafine iron sulfide was rescaled during chemical reactions to have Fe vacancies and multivalent Fe/Fe states.Low crystallinity conductive fragmentsextremely small conductive fragments that enable high-capacity/high-rate performance.
At the same time, they also synthesized a high-capacity cathode material, using molecular sieve imidazole framework (ZIF) as raw material, and prepared a three-dimensional porous oxygen-carbon doped cathode material through pyrolysis-assisted micropore and KOH-assisted mesopore formation.The surface area of this ZIF-derived porous carbon (ZDPC) reaches 3972 m/g, which is more than that of traditional ZDCabout 20 times.
The larger surface area also increases the efficiency with which sodium ions can pass through, thereby increasing the energy rate.
This combination of positive and negative electrode materials can balance and reduce the difference in energy storage rates, thereby creating a high-performance sodium ion storage system. And this new high-capacity cathode material balances and narrows the difference in energy storage rate.
This is also the key to the rapid charging and discharging of this battery.
02.The road is winding, but the future is bright
In 2022, the sodium-ion battery concept began to explode.Ningde eraLeading battery manufacturers have successively launched sodium-ion batteries and stated that they are committed to the upstream and downstream industrialization of sodium batteries.
Like lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries are also a secondary battery (rechargeable battery).Their working principles are also very similar, the main difference is thatDifferences in charge carriers and differences in cathode materials. The electrode material in sodium-ion batteries is sodium salt. The electrode material in lithium-ion batteries is lithium salt.
The cathode materials of sodium-ion batteries are currently mainly divided into three types: Prussian cathode, layered oxide cathode and polyanion cathode. The cathode materials of lithium ions are mainly divided into five types: lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickelate, and lithium nickel cobalt manganate.
Electrode materials currently used in sodium-ion batteriessodium saltwhich has more abundant reserves than lithium salt.cheaper price. In addition, sodium-ion batteries use iron-manganese-nickel-based cathode materials. Compared with ternary cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the cost of raw materials can be reduced by half. And since sodium ions do not form an alloy with aluminum, aluminum foil can be used as the current collector for the negative electrode, which can reduce the weight by about 10% and reduce the cost by about 8%.
In addition to lower cost, sodium-ion batteries also have the advantages of more stable performance, less power consumption, and less prone to thermal runaway.Especially atlow temperature environmentBelow, the battery capacity retention rate of sodium-ion batterieseven higher thanLithium iron phosphate batteries under the same environment can work normally in the temperature range of -40°C to 80°C, and the capacity retention rate is in an environment of -20°C.close to 90%it is less likely to cause battery life anxiety.
In terms of safety, sodium-ion batteries have shown very high stability in tests such as overcharge, over-discharge, short circuit, acupuncture, and extrusion.It can also be achieved 0V transportgreatly reducing the risk of spontaneous combustion during transportation.
It is also very efficient in charging and replenishing energy. At normal temperature, sodium-ion batteries only need 15 minutesThe battery can be replenished to 80%.
The advantages are obvious, but so are the disadvantages.For example, the current cycle life of lithium iron phosphate batteries has reached 6,000 times, while the cycle life of sodium-ion batteries can only reach 6,000 times. 2000-3000 timesthere is still a big gap from the former.
low energy densityIt is also a difficult point in the current technological breakthrough of sodium-ion batteries. According to known data, although the energy density of the first-generation sodium-ion battery in the CATL has reached 160Wh/kg, the ternary lithium in the lithium-ion battery camp has reached 300Wh. /kg.
To sum up, when the requirements for weight and energy density are not high, sodium-ion batteries can be regarded as the “replacement” of lithium batteries.Therefore, in the field of new energy vehicles, sodium-ion batteries are generally used inMinicarandSmall carsuperior.
Currently known brands equipped with sodium-ion batteries includeChery New Energy,Jiangling New Energyand JAC’s new energy vehicle brandsJianghuai Yinwei.
As early as April 2023,CATL announced that its sodium-ion battery will be launched on Chery models for the first time. At the same time, Qiduan will cooperate with CATL to launch the battery brand “ENER-Q”.
On December 28, 2023, Jiangling Group’s new energyFuneng Technology Sodium Ion BatteryThe sodium electric model has officially rolled off the production line.JMC Yizhi EV3 (Youth Edition) 251km versionIt became the world's first sodium-electric model delivered. The energy density of sodium-ion batteries currently in production is between 140-160Wh/kg.
January 5, 2024JAC Yttrium officially delivers the world's first sodium battery mass-produced model Huaxianzi to users. It adopts a honeycomb battery safety structure, the entire battery pack capacity is 23.2kWh, the CLTC cruising range reaches 230km, and the power consumption level per 100 kilometers is close to 10 kilowatt hours.
It is reported that the sodium-electric version of Hua Xianzi delivered was carried byZhongke HainaThe supplied 32140 sodium ion cylindrical battery has a single capacity of 12Ah and an energy density of ≥140Wh/kg. It adopts the technical route of copper-based layered oxide + hard carbon and has high safety, high energy density and good low-temperature performance. , long cycle life and other advantages.
In view of the disadvantages of sodium-ion batteries, in February 2024, Xie Hongwei's team from Northeastern University published an article in the internationally renowned journal ACS Energy Letters, showing that a nanographite sheet was synthesized as a sodium storage anode material, which is a high-rate, long-cycle battery. The development of sodium-ion battery anodes provides a new design idea, creates opportunities for the practical application of sodium-ion batteries in the field of large-scale energy storage, and will further promote the industrial layout of sodium-ion batteries.
03.Who will be the mainstream of batteries in the future?
As the cost of lithium batteries increases year by year, their low-temperature performance is increasingly unable to meet the needs of the industry.
In the context of “bitter lithium in the world”, the industry began to look for better battery solutions. Gradually,Sodium-ion and solid-state lithium batterieshave gradually become the two candidates that have attracted much attention.
Especially in the past two years, industry manufacturers and car companies have been competing to deploy solid-state lithium batteries, and there have even been frequent news of industrialization. Many models have been launched in advance, allowing 22024 is likely to be the first year of solid-state batteriesmeans.
For example, Zhiji L6 was the first to be equipped with the industry's first mass-produced 900V ultra-fast charging solid-state battery; at the end of last year, Weilai was equipped with a 150kWh semi-solid-state battery on the ET7, with actual measured battery lifeOver 1000 kilometers.Not long ago, Weilai Auto also announced that its 150kWh ultra-long-range battery pack has officially entered the mass production stage.second quarterPut into use online.
Although the above two solid-state batteries were soon replaced byFalsenot a pure solid-state battery, but somewhere between solid-state lithium batteries and liquid lithium batteriessemi-solid battery.
But “a white horse is also a horse”, it is not difficult to see that solid-state batteries are already in theThe eve of the outbreak of mass production.
But looking back at the development of sodium batteries, their emergence is not a recent event, but existed more than 30 years ago before the advent of lithium batteries. However, even though it came out so early, sodium batteries have not been widely recognized by the market.
The main reason is that the energy density is much lower than that of lithium batteries, making it unable to meet the needs of practical applications.Although in recent yearsThe skyrocketing price of lithium salt has given rise to the development of sodium batteriesbut its energy density is still one of its fatal weaknesses.
Moreover, the manufacturing cost of sodium batteries is still high and the production process is relatively complex, which also restricts its competitiveness in the market.
However, if the new sodium-ion battery can be produced, it will bring new energy vehicles to a whole new stage. It can be fully charged in a few seconds. What kind of bicycle is needed?